The question that welders face on many jobs is : What size welding cable do I need for XX amperes when I am YY feet away from the power source? This article and the corrected sizes shown in Table 7 will help you to select the.
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Cables, Tables, Gages and sizes: What's it all about? Welding Magazine. The question that welders face on many jobs is : What size welding cable do I need for XX amperes when I am YY feet away from the power source? This article — and the corrected sizes shown in Table 7 — will help you to select the right size cables for your welding or cutting job. History. Welding cable size recommendations have been around for a long time.
The oldest table about welding cable sizes that I found was in a book published in 1. It showed sizes recommended by General Electric Company. At that time American Wire Gage (AWG) was used to describe cable size. Sometimes AWG is referred to as “B & S gage,” which stands for Brown & Sharpe gage.
The AWG system is still used today. See Table 1 for a typical cable table. The system is well defined and used by engineers all the time.
Cable Numbers. Small diameter cables have high gage numbers, and the numbers get smaller as the cables get larger. After AWG #1 is reached, the next larger size is 0, then 0. The 0 to 0. 00. 0 cables are sometimes referred to as 1/0, 2/0, 3/0 and 4/0, spoken as “one naught” or “one aut”, “two naught” or “two aut” and so on. After that, larger sizes are described in “circular- mil” areas. Welding cable sizes usually run from AWG #2 through 4/0. It is interesting to note, that in the AWG system, a change of three sizes will double or halve the resistance.
For example, a #6 cable has a cross section of about 0. Circular- Mils. Since wires are round, the cross section usually is measured in “circular- mils”. In this measurement system, one circular- mil is the cross section area of a wire with a 0. This is a useful measurement. Another useful measure is known as the “circular- mil- foot”. One circular- mil- foot of copper wire is 0. This, too, is a very handy thing to know.“Vintage” Numbers.
The 1. 92. 1 General Electric Co. See Table 2). The voltage drop in any copper cable can be calculated as follows: V = (1. Therefore, from table 2, at each maximum current, for 1. V = (1. 0. 3. 7) × (1.
V = (1. 0. 3. 7) × (1. V = (1. 0. 3. 7) × (1.
This calculation can be used today. For example, from table 1, for a 4/0 cable, 2.
V = (1. 0. 3. 7) × (2. More History. In 1. The Welding Encyclopedia” 2 stated the following: “When welding is done at great distances from the generator, the copper should be increased so that a drop in voltage across both leads (going and returning) should not be over 1.
Just as now, it was possible, then, to adjust the generator — the power source — to make up for the voltage drop. In that article, the data was presented for various “B & S” wire gages. The data is adapted here in table 3, for a 2. With current cable size recommendations, the voltage drop is limited to 4 volts, not 1. This will be explained shortly. This adapted data (in Table 3) also appeared in the 1.
The Welding Encyclopedia.”Early Standards. In 1. 93. 6, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) published a “Recommended Practice”. It was the first welding cable standard that I was able to locate, and stated the following: “Cable Sizes for Standard Welders. For welding cable up to 9. Table 4 is an adaptation of the NEMA data, and shows a calculated voltage drop that was not part of the original data.) Note that all the voltage drops are less than 4 volts. In 1. 93. 8 the American Welding Society (AWS) published its first “Welding Handbook”.
It showed, for the first time, recommended welding cables based on a 4 volt drop. The same table appeared in the second volume in 1. These AWS cable recommendations were adopted in the first edition of what is now American National Standard Institute standard “ANSI Z4. XXXX Safety in Welding, Cutting and Allied Processes”. That first edition was known as “American War Standard Z4.
Safety in Electric and Gas Welding and Cutting Operations.”The AWS basic recommendations, from 1. Table 5. Various versions of Table 5 have appeared in publications ever since. Why a 4- volt drop, and not 1. With previous recommendations for cable sizes, a job that requires a 4.
The recommendations for cable sizes in Table 5 lead to less loss of delivered power, so when a job requires a 4. That output provides adequate power in consideration of the expected 4 volt — or 9 percent — loss of delivered power. Similarly, earlier cable recommendations would need a 3. The 3. 0- volt output accommodates the expected 1. With the cable recommendations from Table 5, a 2. The 2. 4- volt output accounts for the expected 4- volt — or 1.
Therefore it should be obvious that a lower voltage drop is more efficient. When the recommendations of Table 5 are followed, things will be efficient and safe.
Cables will not overheat. In fact, for the same 4 volt drop, longer cables will run cooler than shorter ones. Also, most welding is not continuous, so, even if cables started to heat up there would be cooling off intervals. Another way to calculate the voltage drop. Instead of using the standard copper “1. Table 6 can be used to calculate voltage drop in cables.
The table gives the resistance- per- foot, of various copper cable sizes. The values are derived by dividing 1. Table 1, so they present standard resistance figures based on the size of the cable used. Using these standard resistance figures eliminates the need to use division to find voltage drops in cables. For example, for 4/0 cable at 1.
V = (ohms/foot) × (length) × (current)V = (0. Tables similar to this one appeared in the 4th and 5th Editions of the AWS “Welding Handbook”. Voltage drop vs. duty cycle. There is no “duty cycle” factor to consider when calculating voltage drops. Time is not involved when you calculate a voltage drop. However, the heating effect of current flowing in the resistance of a cable may become a factor if the cable is too small.
An undersized cable will get hot. In addition, undersized cables will have larger voltage drops than are recommended. When you are welding with the gas metal arc (GMAW) process, or similar processes, the “volt- ampere slope” of the power source is of concern. The voltage drop of the welding cables is part of the “slope”. The cable voltage drop should be kept to a minimum, so that it is the power source characteristic that controls the volt- ampere slope.
Some duty cycle recommendations have appeared in publications for welding cables. These publications even include the “Welding Handbook”. However, unless you are welding with a process that is not concerned with the power source volt- ampere slope, avoid following tables with cable sizes based on duty cycles. For GMAW processes, and the like, bigger cables with lower voltage drops are recommended. That way, the effect on the system volt- ampere slope will be minimized. The answer to the question.
Table 7 is based on recalculating the required circular- mil size of copper cables and a 4 volt drop. The formula is as follows: CM (circular- mil) = 1. Using the calculated circular- mil value and data from Table 1, a cable size can be determined. Always pick the size closest and larger than the result of your calculation; not just the cable that is closest in size. It turned out that recalculations reproduced the cable sized recommended in the First Edition of the AWS , Welding Handbook, published in 1. Except that, two of the 1. Table 5, for 3. 50 and 4.
The 1. 93. 8 errors have been published and republished that way ever since. An updated table with corrected, highlighted values, is shown in Table 7. The information in this article and the corrected sizes shown in Table 7 will help you select the right size cables for your welding or cutting job. Table 2. Circular- mils. Amperes. 90,0. 00. Below 2. 00. 15. 0,0. Table 3“B & S” cable size.
Circular- mils. Length feet. Calculated* voltage drop#2. For 2. 00 amps, V = (1.
Table 4. Current. Cable Size. Voltage drop*1. From Table 3, V = (1.
Safe cable use — Things To Do. Here are a few things you can do to protect your cables and yourself. Cables will last longer and work better if you follow these recommendations: Turn off the power before connecting or changing cables.
Be sure to use the correct cable size. Follow the manufacturer's recommendations. Relocate cables to prevent tripping and entanglement. Protect cables from damage by other equipment. Keep connections clean and tight. Use the right size connectors for splices. Examine cables regularly for damage.
Repair or remove damaged cables. And, use the correct length needed for a job. Remove and store extra long cables. Table 6. AWG Size Resistance (Ohms/ft)6. Electric Welding”, by Ethan Viall, Mc.
Graw- Hill, 1. 92. The Welding Encyclopedia”. Editors Mackenzie and Cord, The Welding Engineer Publishing Co., 6th Edition, 1.